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From prenatal maternal anxiety and respiratory sinus arrhythmia to toddler internalizing problems: The role of infant negative affectivity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 September 2024

Anna M. Zhou Open the ORCID record for Anna M. Zhou [Opens in a new window] ,
Mengyu (Miranda) Gao ,
Brendan Ostlund Open the ORCID record for Brendan Ostlund [Opens in a new window] ,
Sarah E. Maylott Open the ORCID record for Sarah E. Maylott [Opens in a new window] ,
Nicolette C. Molina Open the ORCID record for Nicolette C. Molina [Opens in a new window] ,
Madeleine Bruce Open the ORCID record for Madeleine Bruce [Opens in a new window] ,
K. Lee Raby Open the ORCID record for K. Lee Raby [Opens in a new window] ,
Elisabeth Conradt Open the ORCID record for Elisabeth Conradt [Opens in a new window]  and
Sheila E. Crowell Open the ORCID record for Sheila E. Crowell [Opens in a new window]
Anna M. Zhou*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Mengyu (Miranda) Gao
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education, National Virtual Simulation Center for Experimental Psychology Education, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, UT, China
Brendan Ostlund
Affiliation:
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
Sarah E. Maylott
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
Nicolette C. Molina
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
Madeleine Bruce
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
K. Lee Raby
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Elisabeth Conradt
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
Sheila E. Crowell
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
*
Corresponding author: Anna M. Zhou; email: anna.m.zhou@cuanschutz.edu.
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Abstract

Prenatal maternal anxiety is considered a risk factor for the development of child internalizing problems. However, little is known about potential mechanisms that account for these associations. The current study examined whether prenatal maternal anxiety was indirectly associated with toddler internalizing problems via prenatal maternal physiology and infant negative affectivity. We examined these associations in a longitudinal study of 162 expectant mothers from their third trimester until 18 months postpartum. Path analyses showed that higher prenatal anxiety was associated with higher infant negative affectivity at 7 months, which in turn was associated with higher toddler internalizing problems at 18 months. Prenatal anxiety was not indirectly associated with child outcomes via baseline or task-evoked respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in response to an infant cry while pregnant. However, pregnant women with greater decreases in task-evoked RSA had toddlers with greater internalizing problems, which was mediated by infant negative affectivity at 7 months. Findings suggest that prenatal anxiety and RSA reactivity to an infant cry may be independent risk factors for the development of infant negative affectivity, which in turn increases risk for toddler internalizing problems. These findings contribute to a growing literature on mechanisms that underlie intergenerational transmission of internalizing problems.

Keywords

internalizing problemsnegative affectivityprenatal anxietyrespiratory sinus arrhythmia

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Type
Regular Article
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Development and Psychopathology , Volume 37 , Issue 3 , August 2025 , pp. 1482 - 1494
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© The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press

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